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諾鄧,一部鹽業(yè)貿(mào)易的興衰史——云南云龍縣諾鄧古村自助游攻略(2015年修訂版)

發(fā)布時間:2013年11月21日 編輯:大元 訪問:81731 評論:39條 發(fā)表評論! 糾錯!
所屬地區(qū): 云南 大理 適合人群: 所有人 出游難度: 輕松
適合天數(shù): 2天 花費預算: 300元 適合時間: 全年
可信標志: (本攻略已通過所有細節(jié)核實,讀者可放心參考。)
攻略標簽: 傳統(tǒng)村落 諾鄧 諾鄧鹽 諾鄧火腿 白族 遙遠的諾鄧 舌尖上的中國 太極鎖水 ◎切換到圖文完整版

  本村落已列入中華人民共和國四部局(住建部、文化部、財政部、文物局)共同組織評選的中國傳統(tǒng)村落名錄。遠方網(wǎng)與國家四部局聯(lián)合發(fā)起全國“保護性旅行”號召,倡議游客與旅游從業(yè)者保護各類遺產(chǎn),實現(xiàn)文明負責任的旅行。點擊查看更多細節(jié) http://ctcl.likefar.com/ 

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(諾鄧民居錯落有致,前后人家之間樓院相接  作者:王呵呵)
  說起云南麗江的大研古鎮(zhèn),也許知道的人很多。然而,談起大理云龍縣的諾鄧,可能知其名者甚少,了解其歷史的更不多。諾鄧是一顆埋藏在深山的有歷史價值的明珠?!爸Z鄧”一詞是白語的譯音,意思是“有老虎的山坡”。這個“有老虎的山坡”在古代可是個了不得的地方,它的歷史可謂源遠流長。唐代樊綽的《蠻書》中已經(jīng)對諾鄧有明確記載,此書的成書年代在唐懿宗咸通三年,即公元862年。以此推算,諾鄧至今至少應該有1140年以上的歷史。這就是說,這里最遲在唐朝就己經(jīng)鑿井制鹽,是一個典型的以鹽井為生存依托的村落。
  諾鄧出產(chǎn)的鹽,鹽質(zhì)非常好,古時在滇西久負盛名。正是由于有了優(yōu)質(zhì)的鹽,諾鄧很快成為被史家所稱嘆的“茶馬古道”上聯(lián)綴的一顆耀眼明珠。據(jù)有關(guān)史料記載,鼎盛時期諾鄧村中常住戶達400多戶,近3000人,另有行商、工匠、雜藝等數(shù)千流動人口。當時的諾鄧真可謂一個不能令人小虎覷的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展亮點,它的東邊通向大理、昆明,南面直至保山、騰沖,西接六庫、片馬,北連蘭坪、麗江。

(因交通不便,這里依舊靠馬馱運貨物賺錢  作者:Mr.Rock)
  不難想象,1000多年前這個小小山村云集四方商賈,百業(yè)興旺昌盛。正是由于有了當年的繁榮興盛,歷經(jīng)千年風霜雨雪的諾鄧沉淀下了眾多的歷史文物古跡。順著印烙著深深馬蹄痕的青石板道拾級而上,你可以看到1000多年前為諾鄧先民們造福的那口古老鹽井,也可以看到當年由朝廷欽命、威鎮(zhèn)一方的五井提舉司留下的衙門(舊址)。另有玉皇閣道教建筑群、財神殿、龍王廟、萬壽宮、貞節(jié)牌坊和伸向遠方的古驛道等……無一不向后人詮釋著當年這里的輝煌和顯赫。
  諾鄧也是一座難得的白族民居建筑歷史博物館。從南詔時期開始,由于鹽業(yè)經(jīng)濟的繁榮,有力促進了諾鄧村落文化的發(fā)展。這個小小的山村雖然經(jīng)歷了1000多年的時光洗禮,但一直保持著四個不變:以“諾鄧”冠名的村名不變,村中居民以白族為唯一族種不變,習用語言長期使用白語不變,村民賴以生存的產(chǎn)業(yè)長期以制鹽為主不變。這些不變,在云南省村落發(fā)展史上實屬罕見。走在青石鋪就的村道上,你仿佛走進了一座白族民居建筑歷史博物館?!叭揭徽毡凇?、“四合五天井”,這里的民居建筑式樣和特點基本與大理地區(qū)的白族民居相同。當然,相同之中也有不同,那就是由于諾鄧的地理高差突出,最低的地方海拔為 1900米,而最高處的海拔則有2200多米,如此大的高差帶來了民居建筑必須依山而建。于是,諾鄧所獨有的建筑特色就自然出現(xiàn)了。

(《舌尖上的中國》讓諾鄧火腿名聲大噪,其腌制火腿最重要的調(diào)料是諾鹽  作者:謝罡)
  這里的每一處院落都巧妙利用山勢地形布局,一層空著一層往上走,錯落有致,層次分明。站在諾鄧對面的山道上,抬眼一望,只見映人眼簾的民居建筑鱗次櫛比,前后人家之間樓院相接,往往是前面人家樓上的后門即通著后面人家的大院。據(jù)了解,保持完好、純粹白族風格的院落如今大約還有近百處,主要是以明朝和清朝時期的居多。
  穿行在諾鄧,靜得出奇,偶爾留守的老人都懶得理會你的存在,也許逝去的太多又太遙遠,生存的壓力讓人們離開了家園。成也鹽業(yè),敗也鹽業(yè)。為了熬鹽的能源利用,過度的砍伐已使周邊盡是童山,只有村里殘留的大樹伴隨著大夫第、鹽務署、龍王廟、五課提舉司,告訴你一個始于漢代的鹽的傳奇。
  在村口那間屋子,就是諾鄧井舊址。如今僅有一口鹽井,周圍常年有水滲出,像塊沼澤地,在干一點的地方有白色鹽顆粒。
  山頂?shù)奈膹R武廟里,如今只剩下木構(gòu)框架,武廟成了小學生們做飯的廚房,諾鄧曾經(jīng)的人杰地靈又回到了山村文化的沙漠。與拆掉的文廟相比,玉皇閣依舊完整,登上樓閣,迎面相對的是對面山頂?shù)乃聫R。鹽業(yè)衰落了,村莊寂靜了,教育荒廢了,只有寺廟道觀還在守衛(wèi)著人們的祈望,孤獨而渺茫。

(黃永壽祖上傳下了不少寶物,家中自建博物館  作者:酒鬼色)
  一個300多人的小山村,每家每戶都有歷史背景和價值不斐的古董,家族先輩留下的手稿、工藝品,親手觸摸這些東西時,才真切地感到文化的深厚。我曾在一家自稱是乾隆進士后裔的家中見到雕刻精致的板壁紋飾和進士大人使用過的大號雕花書案。書案被遺忘在偏僻的山村里幾百年,雕飾的色澤也一年年加深,現(xiàn)在看上去,已經(jīng)是純粹的灰黑色,炭化了一般,厚重而不失氣派。同樣沉重厚實的條案上放著一個隨便用膠泥粘合起來的碎瓷花瓶,看上去也是明代遺物。
  還有一種樹,也印象深刻,是大青樹。大青樹是諾鄧的一個地理標志,要打聽某家某戶,村里人會告訴你,從大青樹往哪哪走。這里的房子依山而建,巷道便借著山形七拐八繞,據(jù)說從村口到最高處,一共有999級臺階。9是陽數(shù)之極,中國人喜歡用99、999這類數(shù)字,表示多的意思。踩著一路的石階走來,也真是累了,大青樹下有石桌、石凳,正好坐下休息。
  游歷在古鎮(zhèn),你會常常驚嘆歲月的積淀,牌坊、祠堂和大院里的每一塊精雕都藏著前輩流離的辛酸,把打拼天下的富庶與榮耀帶回鄉(xiāng)里,盡情展示。所以,每當走進江南的古鎮(zhèn)和徽州的村落,總是看到江南巨富們回到鄉(xiāng)梓的顯擺,感嘆華麗外表下的悵然。但是,走進諾鄧,不會感到半點虛幻,你會看到了一種真實的從容,一種脫離了俗氣的時間之美,一首生于斯,長于斯的鄉(xiāng)土富饒之詩!
(文字作者:勾六零

諾鄧四面環(huán)山,地處偏遠,古時進京趕考需要走半年  作者:萬有引力

一位老人在大青樹下閑坐  作者:茶館

五井提舉司衙門外遷,這里就演變成了黃氏家族私宅  作者:閑庭普洱茶

現(xiàn)在諾鄧的村民仍然用古法制鹽,它是諾鄧火腿不可或缺的調(diào)味料 作者:xy341

原來的萬壽宮已是村民住處,仍留存有一塊明嘉靖時修繕的碑文  作者:萬有引力

在南山頭看整個諾鄧  作者:茈湖雨衫

大青樹是村中心,村民們常在此喝茶聊天  作者:流浪的歌

遇到大公事,村里人都在外支灶做飯  作者:mafengwo

貢爺院是一戶楊姓人家,世代均系貢生出身  作者:林堅

四合五天井是諾鄧最大的民宅,現(xiàn)已是客棧,圖為其中的老院子  作者:米綾瑪

典型的四合一天井的白族民居建筑 作者:佚名

鹽和火腿是大多數(shù)人對諾鄧的印象  作者:Mr.Rock

文廟的欞星門是滇西地區(qū)現(xiàn)存最大也是最古老的木牌坊  作者:萬有引力

沒有了鹽,《舌尖上的中國》成為諾鄧的新招牌  作者:yyr

鹽曾是諾鄧的經(jīng)濟支柱,對面山上曾經(jīng)繁茂的植被因制鹽被砍伐  作者:Mr.Rock

諾鄧村內(nèi)多是石板路和臺階,不能通車輛  作者:流浪的歌

村東有一塊空地,是村中的活動中心  作者:王呵呵

上面的房子是“五滴水”,雨水落到院子經(jīng)過層層瓦檐需要滴五滴  作者:王呵呵

諾鄧古村景點介紹


(北山上的民居建筑層層疊疊,號稱北山重樓  作者:Mr.Rock)
  諾鄧位于云南大理云龍縣城以北的深山里,是一個有著上千年歷史的白族村寨?!爸Z鄧”這個村名自唐代南詔時期以來,近1100多年不變,堪稱地理史上的奇跡。該村曾因鹽業(yè)而發(fā)展,一度是滇西地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟重鎮(zhèn),解放后,海鹽大量開發(fā),諾鄧失去了鹽這個經(jīng)濟支柱,從此塵封于世。現(xiàn)有著滇西最集中的明清古建筑群和明清文化遺存,保留完好的古村風貌,原態(tài)原貌相當完整,在云南以至國內(nèi)都是十分罕見。
  諾鄧如今已成為國家級歷史文化名村,凡在中國大地上見到的寺廟、牌坊、會館、祠堂、府第、巷道、墓葬……在這個小小村落里都有,亦是研究中國古代鹽井文化的活村料?!爸Z鄧”,白族語為“有老虎的山坡”,彝語“黑”為“諾”,林深竹密的溝箐為“鄧(賧)”,意為“林木茂盛的地 方”。這里曾經(jīng)森林茂密,后因煮鹽業(yè),林木漸被砍伐殆盡,現(xiàn)已是光山禿嶺。
  云龍縣下轄10個鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),果朗鄉(xiāng)為其中之一。這個鄉(xiāng)位于云龍縣城西北部,是距縣城最近的一個鄉(xiāng)。果郎鄉(xiāng)共有3個村公所,其中一個叫諾鄧村公所,諾鄧村公所占地150平方公里,共有25個自然村,2000多人口。我們這里所說的諾鄧村即為諾鄧村公所下的諾鄧自然村。

  景點信息
  地址:云南大理州云龍縣縣城西北7公里處,諾鄧村
  門票:無
      電話:云龍縣旅游局 0872-5523287 
  景區(qū)級別:中國歷史文化名村、全國首批“中國景觀村落”、云南十大旅游古鎮(zhèn)之一。
      相關(guān)網(wǎng)站:http://www.ndly.org/artc-25-205.shtml
  歷史地位:諾鄧在歷史上地位非凡,因為鹽井帶來的高稅收,朝廷直接派官員管理,明朝在此設立了中央直屬單位“五井提舉司”,可以說在封建王朝時期諾鄧是一個經(jīng)濟特區(qū)。雖然是個小村子,卻享受縣一級的規(guī)格禮制。

景點看點
  諾鄧村現(xiàn)有1項州級文物保護單位,24項縣級文物保護單位。目前保留著60多座明清時期的民居建筑、40多座民國時期的民居建筑和20多座古廟宇等公共建筑以及5000多米的街巷村道,此外全村還有百年以上的古木200余株,村民家中還保留有上萬件的古董文物。

(精美絕倫的欞星門  作者:Mr.Rock)
廟宇建筑群
  諾鄧村深受宗教文化的影響,有玉皇閣、文廟、武廟、龍王廟、欞星門等眾多明清時期的廟宇建筑,周圍現(xiàn)存廟宇還有東山方向的香山寺、古嶺寺和王母寺,都是兩進院式建筑;北面山中有觀音寺等建筑,西南面古道上還有兩道貞節(jié)牌坊。至于古墓、碑刻等建筑則遍布四山。
  玉皇閣建筑群
  玉皇閣建筑群在村子的最高處,海拔2300米。這里古木參天,殿閣如聚,周圍全是高大的古黃連木,樹高多達三四十米,最古老的樹齡已有800多年。大殿前有欞星門、彌勒寺;后有靜室;殿右有武廟(關(guān)公廟)及文廟(孔廟)等。
  玉皇閣是滇西地區(qū)現(xiàn)存的極少見的三層閣樓式古建筑,始建于明嘉靖年間。主體建筑包括三層閣樓大殿及靜室,古代是著名的道教宮觀,光咸豐時期曾數(shù)度被焚,后重建。大院內(nèi)有明代的梅樹及翠柏、紫薇、金桂等。大殿頂層上現(xiàn)存的藻井繪畫“二十八星宿圖”可稱為“諾鄧一絕”,在研究中國古代宇宙觀和天文、藝術(shù)、建筑等方面都有一定的參考價值。
  欞星門:此門建于明嘉靖年間,今門面尚存。正門最上方大書“騰蛟”二字,反面大書“起風”二字,又叫“騰蛟起鳳坊”,它是滇西現(xiàn)存最大的古木牌訪。此門飛檐斗拱,雄奇高大。據(jù)說,諾鄧的一個舉人與昆明的舉人在一起談及家鄉(xiāng),昆明舉人夸耀金馬碧雞坊雄壯,諾鄧舉人不服,回到家鄉(xiāng)便仿金馬碧雞坊修建了欞星門,且故意比之高出三尺。此事真實性難以考究,但它反映出諾鄧鹽業(yè)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的水平和實力。
  文廟:即孔廟,明代嘉靖年間修建,按明朝禮制,縣一級地方才有文廟,但諾鄧是個例外。文廟獨立成院,有主殿及兩廂房,塑有孔圣人及其七十二賢徒像,是諾鄧人祭孔祈求文化昌盛的場所。但文廟在文革中被毀,僅存空屋,長期作為諾鄧小學教室和學生煮飯場所使用,屋內(nèi)墻壁煙火痕跡尚存,房屋幾近倒塌,無人管護。
  龍王廟
  龍王廟遺跡至今尚存,廟屋東端還存有龍王的牌位,已被列為縣文物保護單位。一般來說,祭龍王主要是祈求多雨,而產(chǎn)鹽之地則是祈求少雨,以使鹵水保有較高的濃度。龍王廟前有一古戲臺,為傳統(tǒng)飛檐翹角方型建筑,是村里比較寬平的一塊空地,凡村里大小集會,均在此舉行。
  萬壽宮
  萬壽宮為明清江西商人在全國各地所修建的會館名稱,由此可推知,歷史上這里的鹽業(yè)生產(chǎn)曾為江西商人所經(jīng)營。萬壽宮的房屋如今已分給村民李文茂居住,現(xiàn)古建筑猶存部份木架結(jié)構(gòu),前樓基本完好,房中至今還留有一點文物。萬壽宮曾改名祝壽寺,李文茂家中留存有一塊明嘉靖丙辰提舉李瓊題的修祝壽寺碑文。村中人普遍說萬壽宮建于元代,初名萬壽宮,明代一度改成廟宇,清代又改名萬壽宮,但從明代江西商人的活動推測,應該是建于明代。

(每年冬季是制鹽的日子,主要用于腌制火腿  作者:xy341)
古鹽業(yè)文化建筑
  諾鄧的演變發(fā)展完全依賴于鹽業(yè)經(jīng)濟的興衰,由于封建王朝高度重視鹽業(yè)生產(chǎn),村中保存較完整的鹽井、鹽局、鹽課提舉司衙門舊址以及驛路、鹽馬古道等古代建筑,是研究云南古代鹽業(yè)經(jīng)濟文化的寶貴活教材。
  古鹽井遺址
  諾鄧鹽井自漢朝開采以來至今兩千余年,“諾鄧井”之名距今也有一千三百多年,現(xiàn)存鹽井、井房及煮鹽大灶等建筑。鹽井是一口21米深的直井,古代用人工汲水的方法從下面取鹵再分給各家“灶戶”煮鹽。解放后,曾為集體所有,作為社隊企業(yè)生產(chǎn)食鹽,直到1996年才停產(chǎn)。諾鄧鹽井為筒井。鹽井處共有井口2眼。一眼汲鹵熬鹽,另一眼抽取淡水。在云龍各鹽井中,諾鄧井鹵水含鹽量最高、產(chǎn)量最大。由于無人照看,2眼井口已為地下水淹沒而廢棄,只有鹽井旁邊的濕地上還滲出斑斑潔白的鹽漬,表明這里不久前還有過食鹽的生產(chǎn),這里的鹵水還沒有全部枯竭。

  國營鹽廠舊址
  這里是解放后國家和集體生產(chǎn)食鹽的地方,有一間百余平方米的通透式房屋,下有數(shù)個熬制食鹽的大灶和鐵鍋、鹵水槽等生產(chǎn)工具。自諾鄧的鹽業(yè)停產(chǎn)后,村民在這里淹制諾鄧火腿。當跨進這個舊址時,房梁上到處懸掛著布滿潔白鹽粒的諾鄧火腿,使人感受到諾鄧的鹽業(yè)經(jīng)濟并沒有結(jié)束。

  五井鹽課提舉司衙門舊址
  公元1383年明政府在全國置七個“鹽課提舉司”,云南就有四個,這里就是其中之一的“五井鹽課提舉司”衙門舊址。后來提舉司衙門外遷,這里就演變成了諾鄧黃氏家族私宅區(qū),族人乃將原提舉大門改造成登載本家科舉功名的“題名坊”。清代黃氏門中共出兩進士、五舉人及上百名秀才,康乾年間舉人黃桂是名噪一時的飽學之士,曾被譽為“滇中一儒杰”。

(諾鄧的古民居形式各異,甚少雷同  作者:佚名)
古民居建筑
  諾鄧目前存有的一百多座依山構(gòu)建、形式多變、風格典雅的古代民居院落,主要以明朝和清朝時期為主,主要分布在村中的山洼和西北陽坡上,特別是北山坡,層層疊疊,樓院重接。村中的街巷道路,清一色的石板鋪成,因山就勢,縱橫交錯。

  北山主體民居建筑
  現(xiàn)存明、清兩朝古建筑40余個院落。皆因山就勢構(gòu)建,層層疊疊,往往是前家后門即通后家大院,且有古街鋪、古市肆等,街向縱橫交錯。故又稱“北山重樓”
  黃家宅子:現(xiàn)存民居建筑屬明清時期所建的約20余處院落,黃氏家族所植三百多年的高山榕,諾鄧人取名叫“萬年青”,蔭蓋著古提舉司衙門前的下馬場。
  多臺院落:因北山民居皆建于陡坡之上,便形成了一種“臺梯式四合院”,天井之內(nèi)有三、四層臺面,逐級上堂,風格獨特。
  袖珍小院:諾鄧村人煙密集而地面有限,很多民居的安排都很緊湊,精巧玲瓏。北山一戶人家的小四合院天井面積只有一平方米多一點,堪稱袖珍小院。

  河東民居建筑群
  現(xiàn)存明清建筑30余個院落。其中“四合五天井”為全村最大的民宅。
  四合五天井:院中間一個大天井,四邊有四個小天井,上房、耳房、面房都設有堂屋,四面樓房相通可巡回來往,即“走馬轉(zhuǎn)角樓”結(jié)構(gòu)。
  貢爺家風:河東貢爺院前堂有清代中期遺留的屋梁焚燒痕跡,傳說是無人在家時大樓失火但僅焚毀一梁即自滅,該貢生即以此保留作代代家教樣本,告誡后人須重視文化、遵守禮樂、行義好善。

  河頭民居建筑
  現(xiàn)存明清建筑約10余處,其中“銀匠家”等院落建筑古老、特殊,建于300多年前。
  銀匠舊居:明末以來,楊氏家族的銀制工藝名聲遠播,銀匠舊居在河頭一帶比較古舊,為明末所建。

  其他民居
  屋檐五滴:諾鄧民居其四合院異于平原地區(qū)。正房與廂(耳)房、面房高低錯落不在一個平面,故形成了前后左右屋面瓦檐上下層層遞接的“五滴水四合院”或“四滴水”、“六滴水”等屋檐現(xiàn)象,全村這類院落十分普遍。
  進士家雕:清乾隆間進士黃紹魁舊居有精致的木雕圖案,尤以中堂正上方的“黃榜題名榮歸故里”圖及“麒麟探花、雙鳳朝陽”書案為珍品。
  窗欞百式:諾鄧村古建筑中窗欞格式達數(shù)百種之多,尤以菱花式、書條式、萬字式的變形居多。至今每幢民居中都可見到風格多樣的古代精致木窗。
  花雕大門:白族民居非常重視大門建筑的美觀大方,諾鄧村民各家大門頭上的木雕圖案十分精致,且形式各異,一家不同于一家,其形式內(nèi)容一般都反映著主人的身份地位和文化修養(yǎng)。
  道長月臺:明清以來道教在諾鄧地區(qū)影響較大,清末民初一位著名道長的家宅舊址,其建筑特色是院內(nèi)有一般民居都不可能有的庭前月臺,在此可作法事或彈演洞經(jīng)等。

其他值得看景點
  黃霞昌家庭生態(tài)博物館
  村民黃永壽辦了一家家庭博物館,一是受大理博物館的委托,二是自己家里寶貝比較多。黃家在仕途和商途上都曾經(jīng)輝煌過,黃永壽祖上是諾鄧井有名的鹽產(chǎn)業(yè)大戶,500多年來,黃氏家族共出秀才百余人、貢生26人、舉人4人、進士2人,有“復甲留芳”之美譽,家里便累積下來很多寶貝,現(xiàn)存250多件藝術(shù)珍品。在諾鄧,幾乎每家每戶都有些歷史背景和價值不斐的古董。為了保護當?shù)匚幕?,大理州決定以家庭為單位建立“家庭生態(tài)博物館”,這在全國尚屬首例。
  電話:15894568508 15887364404
  講解費:5元/人

周邊景點

(太極鎖水的自然奇觀  作者:米綾瑪)
  太極鎖水
  從云龍縣城去諾鄧路上,距諾鄧3公里左右會經(jīng)過“太極鎖水”的天然奇觀。諾鄧河在與瀾滄江支流沘江交匯的地方,繞了一個“S”型的大彎,形成了類似道教“太極圖”的天然地貌奇觀,古人稱之為“太極鎖水”。從遠處看,云蒸霞蔚,四周群峰環(huán)繞拱衛(wèi),真有萬山朝拜之勢,雖然這只是地質(zhì)構(gòu)造運動中通過河流深切形成的特殊地貌,但后來人們賦予它許多神奇的傳說和故事,成為一個天生的道教文化符號。
  地址:云龍縣區(qū)諾鄧的路上

   天池
  天池距諾鄧29公里,距縣城22多公里,目前沒有直通車,需要到客運站邊包車去。這個海拔2552米的高山湖泊,四周森林茂密、植被完好,共有高等植物60多科200余種,還有國家二、三級保護動物19種。秀麗的湖光山色和繁茂的森林草甸使天池風景無比旖旎迷人。
  地址:
  門票:10元

  云龍“橋梁博物館”
  “橋梁博物館”不是常規(guī)意義的博物館,只是形容古橋多。古時云龍的鹽不但要供給滇西各地,而且遠銷東南亞。為方便馬幫運輸,云龍縣從唐朝開始在穿境而過的瀾滄江和沘江上建造了一百多座風格各異的橋梁,故自稱為“橋梁藝術(shù)博物館”。但古橋分布極其分散,松水藤橋在白石鄉(xiāng)、通金橋在長新鄉(xiāng)、砥柱橋在寶豐鄉(xiāng)、飛龍橋和功果橋在舊州鄉(xiāng),還有彩鳳橋、青云橋等,最好包車游覽。

諾鄧古村出游地圖


諾鄧古村位置圖(點擊看大圖)

諾鄧古村手繪導游圖

諾鄧古村當?shù)亟煌?/h3>

  諾鄧比較偏遠,在2007年諾鄧通公路之前,諾鄧與縣城唯一的聯(lián)系是那條走了千年的鹽馬古道,也正交通不便得以保存千年古村的原始風貌。諾鄧離云龍縣城有8公里,距州府大理有175公里,距省會昆明500公里。提醒:昆明到大理交通,終點站都是下關(guān)(大理新城區(qū))。

公共交通(需先到大理)
  飛機
  昆明和大理都有機場,距諾鄧最近的是大理機場,但大理的航班少且貴,經(jīng)濟情況一般的游客建議飛昆明,在網(wǎng)上提前訂票更合算。
  大理機場目前通航的城市有北京、上海、天津、昆明、廣州、成都等。大理機場到下關(guān)城區(qū)約12公里,機場沒有大巴,出租車到下關(guān)統(tǒng)一收費50元。機場電話: 0872-2428955
  昆明長水國際機場有通往全國大部分城市的航線。機場到市中心6公里,機場大巴、公交車、出租車均可到達。機場電話:0871-96566
  火車
  大理火車站主要通達昆明、麗江兩地,省外的游客需做到昆明,昆明只有一個火車客運站,即昆明站。詳細了解:http://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/
  昆明到大理有6趟列車,約7—8小時,建議坐夜車(臥鋪),一覺醒來就到大理火車站了。
  客車
  汽車是云南主要的交通方式,云南十八怪,火車沒有汽車快,所以汽車是進出大理最方便、最經(jīng)濟的選擇。在昆明西部客運站有去大理的車。
  大理有五個汽車客運站,昆明到大理的車停靠地點不一,直快停在大理快速客運站,高快、小車一般停在興盛客運站或新東站,還有一些臥鋪車會停在火車站邊上。

  到達諾鄧
  大理到諾鄧目前只有一種方案,在下關(guān)興盛客運站坐汽車到云龍縣城(7:10-16:30,40分鐘1趟,44元),約3小時。
  在云龍坐三輪摩托到諾鄧,半小時,三輪包車20元,遇趕集日人多時5元/人。

自駕車
  大理方向:從下關(guān)上大保高速公路,駕車大約40公里,從躍進口出高速公路,沿320國道前進,在黃連鋪轉(zhuǎn)上227省道,到云龍縣城,從縣城沿蘭坪方向的公路行3公里,過一座大吊橋,再行3公里水泥路就到諾鄧了。
  大理下關(guān)至諾鄧約150公里,自駕車2個半小時。云龍距諾鄧約7公里,是土夾碎石路,轎車可以通過。
  諾鄧村內(nèi)皆是臺階、石板路,只行馬不通車,各式交通只能到諾鄧村口,下車后步行進入諾鄧村,諾鄧村口有小型停車場。

諾鄧古村當?shù)刈∷?/h3>


(諾鄧古村民居的小院子  作者:流浪的歌)
  諾鄧村目前大約有六家客棧,一般是在當?shù)孛窬又薪?jīng)營,吃住一體。民居都有百年歷史,各家都有天井院子、露天餐桌等,住的是百年老屋,吃的是陳年火腿。各家腌制的火腿懸掛在老屋子房梁上,像古裝劇的場景。每家衛(wèi)生條件和硬件設施稍有參差,到村子后可以打電話給客棧,客棧都會有人來接。
  大青樹客棧(古村吃住店)
  推薦理由:客棧在大青樹旁邊,主人是村子唯一的老中醫(yī),出自五代中醫(yī)世家,凡入住本店客人均可免費問診、看病。還有特色草藥泡腳、睡前養(yǎng)生針灸等。
  電話:15288113286
  價格:標間100—150元;單人間80元;床位40元/人。餐飲50元/人。

  諾鄧五滴水客棧
      推薦理由:離停車場最近的一個客棧,在停車場旁邊古戲臺和龍王廟背后??蜅J敲髑鍟r期的白族民居四合院,有兩百年的歷史,老板是本地白族人。下雨時,雨水需要經(jīng)過四層錯落有致的屋檐面,滴五次,才落到天井,故稱五滴水四合院。
  電話:13769218514
  價格:兩人間60元;單人間30元。餐飲20元/人。

  復甲留芳苑客棧
  推薦理由:客棧是在村子偏高的位置,需要爬臺階,有特色大通鋪。飲食比較地道,掌勺人黃大媽做菜手藝在諾鄧遠近聞名,是黃霞昌家庭博物館的主人,可點餐,亦可拼餐,豐儉由己。
  電話:18313166264 0872-5525032
  價格:兩人間99元;床位30元/人。餐飲30元左右/人。

  古道坊客棧
  推薦理由:客棧在村西邊中央位置,客棧建筑很有特色,為當?shù)匚ㄒ坏暮咸菔剿暮显?,院落的各種裝飾物件也是收來的古物,同這個兩百多年的院子融為一體。
  電話:13508868076
  價格:標間120—160元;床位30、40元。餐飲40元左右/人。

諾鄧古村當?shù)仫嬍?/h3>


(地道的諾鄧本土菜中不可缺少諾鄧火腿和土雞  作者:佚名)
  說到諾鄧的飲食,不得不提諾鄧火腿,在諾鄧,每家每戶都能用諾鄧火腿烹制出幾十多種菜肴,但因為地處深山,趕集需要到縣城,除了火腿,其他的飲食也都是平常家常菜。飲食一般在住宿地解決,除了上面介紹的客棧提供飲食,停車場附近還有一家只供餐飲不設住宿的店:
  鹽泉農(nóng)家
  推薦理由:該農(nóng)家主做餐飲,有土雞火鍋、火腿宴等招牌菜,火腿宴是以諾鄧火腿為主菜,配以火腿烹制的各式菜肴,一桌600元,6—9人量。
  電話: 0872-5525111
  價格:人均25元

當?shù)靥厣朗臣疤禺a(chǎn)
  諾鄧的農(nóng)作物主要是玉米和豌豆,其他的菜要出去買,或者山上找野生菜。洋芋是隔山村子種的,每周五用馬馱來賣,翻山越嶺,需走7個多小時,天沒亮出發(fā),中午左右才能到諾鄧。因諾鄧近幾年逐漸受到關(guān)注,村中一些幾近消失的特色飲食也恢復了。

(據(jù)說在火腿廠買火腿會便宜很多,火腿廠每天都要接多個訂貨電話  作者:佚名)
  諾鄧火腿、諾鄧鹽
  因《舌尖上的中國》而揚名天下,一般是家家腌制,用的是諾鄧自產(chǎn)的井鹽,肉采用天然飼料喂養(yǎng)大的豬的后腿,腌制后隔年食用,三年可生食。過去只用它作禮物,而今市場上也可買到了,現(xiàn)在養(yǎng)豬、腌肉、賣火腿仍是諾鄧人營生的手段之一。在諾鄧古鎮(zhèn),你去任何一家,推開院門,都能看見在院內(nèi)一處陰涼下懸掛的火腿??雌饋泶植冢云饋砻牢?。但火腿好吃不易制,“千年等一腿”,一句廣告語道出了諾鄧火腿制作過程的長期性。諾鄧火腿屬于“物以稀為貴”的典范,腌制完成一只火腿需要不少時間和心血。即便是現(xiàn)在,火腿的產(chǎn)量每年也只有不到100噸,無法滿足慕名前來的食客們的胃口。
  諾鄧的農(nóng)戶家都有火腿出售,比如客棧里,一般整只火腿在500—700元,論斤算是50—60元/斤,因部位不同,價格不同。《舌尖上的中國》讓諾鄧火腿聞名全國,諾鄧火腿之所以好吃,是因為腌制火腿的鹽巴。那鹽是從村里一口千年鹽井里來的。村里人家都有筒鹽出售。
  豆餅
  豆餅是諾鄧的特產(chǎn),現(xiàn)在極少有人做,后因游客漸多,村中也恢復了諾鄧特產(chǎn)豆餅的生產(chǎn)。制作原料是上好糯米、刺莢、灰挑桿、魔芋、扁豆桿、紅糖等。制成2毫米厚左右的薄圓餅涼干即成。食用時用香油煎,其特點是香、脆、糯、甜。
  油粉湯
  與麗江特色小吃雞豆涼粉原理一樣,以豌豆為原料,豌豆磨成漿,過濾、澄粉。豆粉沉淀時,上層粉舀出做成湯,即油粉湯。下層粉比較黏稠,小火稍熬,晾涼后即是豌豆涼粉,切塊拌上佐料,口感與藕粉相像。
  血腸
  用豆腐、紅曲、鮮豬血、草果粉、茴香粉、鹽攪拌均勻后灌入洗干凈的豬大腸中,灌好后用細繩扎成6寸左右的小段,干燥、陰涼、通風后20天即可食用,其特點是鮮嫩馨香?! ?

諾鄧古村行程規(guī)劃


(諾鄧個各景點都有指示牌,非常方便  作者:蟲蟲)
  游覽諾鄧古村一般需要2個多小時,對古跡有興趣的常常在這里住幾天,村中各主要景點都有指示牌,便于游覽。
  諾鄧位于兩山之間,依山而建,一條小溪(諾鄧河)由東北向西南流過村子,把村子一分為二,半坡上的大青樹是古村的中心。從村口到大青樹有兩條路,石頭鋪就的古道,恰好構(gòu)成一道步行環(huán)線。一條是由村口過河,沿著石頭步道向上,走到大青樹約10分鐘,路陡;另一條是經(jīng)過龍王廟、鹽井等景點到大青樹,沿途有多處古民居可參觀,路緩。村子最高處是玉皇閣建筑群。村民都知道些歷史背景,不懂之處可以向村民請教。
  冬季是諾鄧村民開始制鹽的季節(jié),這時各家也開始腌制火腿了,如果湊巧,可以看到很熱鬧的場面。諾鄧在山坳里,沒有地光污染,星空也很美。

  當?shù)刈⒁馐马?br />   1.諾鄧盛產(chǎn)鹽業(yè),也是個很缺水的村子,建議大家節(jié)約用水。
  2.當?shù)厝撕軣崆榇緲?,只是稍微注意貓狗蚊蟲。
  3.衣物可帶長袖衣物,以保夜晚防寒。
  4.諾鄧是白族居住地,注意尊重少數(shù)民族習慣。
  5.村中集市每月“趕”四次,逢初一、十五“趕大街”,初八、二十三為“趕小街”。

諾鄧古村其他信息


(一個因鹽業(yè)發(fā)展起來的小村落,曾是鹽馬古道的重鎮(zhèn)  作者:元吾的世界)
關(guān)于諾鄧
       諾鄧的歷史和發(fā)展

  “諾鄧”村名見諸于史籍已經(jīng)有1138年的歷史,歷經(jīng)唐、宋、元、明、清各代王朝,它在古代可是個了不得的地方。唐代樊綽的《蠻書》中已經(jīng)對諾鄧有明確記載,此書的成書年代在唐懿宗咸通三年,即公元862年。以此推算,諾鄧至今至少應該有1140年以上的歷史。這就是說,這里最遲在唐朝就已經(jīng)鑿井制鹽,是一個典型的以鹽井為生存依托的村落。
  “諾鄧”這個名稱一直延續(xù)至今。諾鄧過去一般稱為“諾鄧井”或“諾井”。“井”就是鹽井。根據(jù)云南史料記載,云南井礦鹽業(yè)在秦漢時期就已產(chǎn)生。從西漢至南北朝時期,云龍為比蘇縣,漢朝設置比蘇縣的根本原因就是這個地方產(chǎn)鹽。
  從有明確記述的唐代開始,諾鄧村的演變發(fā)展完全依賴于鹽業(yè)經(jīng)濟的興衰。南詔時期“細諾鄧井”的鹽業(yè)生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)具備了相當?shù)囊?guī)模。公元1383年,明政府設云南四提舉司,其中有“五井鹽課提舉司”,治所即在諾鄧,所謂五井即指諾鄧井、山井、師井、大井、頃蕩井。到明朝中后期,五井提舉司年上繳中央政府的鹽課銀達38000多兩。李元陽纂《嘉靖大理府志》記載:“后開五井,始分行鹽地方臺井之鹽,專行大理;五井之鹽,專行永昌”??梢娭Z鄧等五井地區(qū)所產(chǎn)食鹽在滇西早已負有盛名。《雍正云龍州志》記:“諾鄧、順蕩(鹽)味更咸,不必澆灶,而遂能成沙”。因諾鄧鹽質(zhì)非比尋常,保山、騰沖一帶自古以來都十分喜歡食用“諾鹽”。由于鹽業(yè)經(jīng)濟的發(fā)達,諾鄧村歷史上曾一度成為滇西地區(qū)的商業(yè)中心之一,在《嘉靖大理府志》所列市肆中地位重要。古代諾鄧的“茶馬古道”,東向大理昆明,甫至保山騰沖,西接六庫片馬,北連蘭坪麗江,四方商賈云集,百業(yè)昌盛。諾鄧村歷史上曾一度成為滇西地區(qū)的商業(yè)中心之一。
  諾鄧如今已成為國家級歷史文化名村,影響力在不斷增強。諾鄧人口最多時曾有兩千多戶常住人口,流動人口六七千,是個繁華的村子,而今村中經(jīng)濟瀟條,人口大量外流,村中只剩下300來戶。所幸自2000年來村子倍受關(guān)注,好多將失傳的東西得到搶救。

(諾鄧人才輩出,圖為黃氏家族的提名坊  作者:林堅)

  諾鄧“盛產(chǎn)”進士、秀才
  盡管云龍地處偏僻,交通不便,但明、清兩朝還是文風蔚然、人才輩出。諾鄧村的科舉,在云龍中“進士”的為最多(清代三人中諾鄧就有二人),舉人、貢生和秀才則不勝枚舉,目前僅從幾戶諾鄧人家族譜上查實的貢生就有40余名,秀才則有200多人。如村中有一楊姓人家號稱“貢爺院”,世代均系貢生出生。清代康乾年間,諾鄧村舉人黃桂是聲噪一時的文化名人,被譽為“滇中一儒杰”,云南最早的詩歌總集《滇南詩略》曾收選黃桂詩詞數(shù)首。在儒家文化的熏陶下,諾鄧舊時尊孔習俗相當濃郁,諾鄧的孔廟建筑精巧,尤以大成殿規(guī)格嚴謹細密,每年祭孔活動規(guī)模都十分隆重,縟禮繁節(jié),傳統(tǒng)的儒門意識形態(tài)在諾鄧村的反映非常明顯。

  諾鄧民居特色
  諾鄧民居建筑式樣與大理的白族民居相似,有“三房一照壁”、“四合一天井”、“四合五天井”等建筑布局,但因依山而建,構(gòu)思奇巧變化,風格也呈多樣性,上家的門口往往和下家的房頂同高。民居尤講求蓋門樓,通常蓋門樓的形式有“一滴水”,即為普通的坡屋,樸素大方;“三滴水”,則顯現(xiàn)了一種華麗,其建筑精美,飛檐翹角,最高的達到五滴水。
  諾鄧的民居很講究工藝美術(shù),門、窗、木梁、柱、檐上的雕刻圖案精細美觀,山墻、院墻上均有繪畫或圖案,每戶人家的正房、廂房或照壁的布置和工藝,各具特色,各有千秋,絕少雷同。很多人家至今還保留著明清時代的一些家具、古董。

  多民族融合的白族大家庭
  諾鄧村民素有“九楊十八姓”的說法。自元、明以來,南京、浙江、福建、湖南、江西、山西等地陸續(xù)有移民或因經(jīng)商仕宦之故遷來,在同當?shù)卦【用袢趨R結(jié)合后,形成了諾鄧村現(xiàn)有居民諸家族。從這些家族族譜分析,最先到諾鄧居住的各家族先人去世后均為火葬。經(jīng)過幾代人同原住民的融匯,他們既保持著內(nèi)地的傳統(tǒng)習俗,也同當?shù)氐闹黧w民族--白族結(jié)合為一個新的群體,因此,清代至今,諾鄧村民已全部成為白族居民,他們一直都保持著完整的白族語言和白族風俗特征。如在宗教信仰上,白族的本主崇拜在諾鄧村仍十分有影響,諾鄧的本主是明朝三征麓川的領導人王驥,稱為“三崇”。除了“本主信仰”,諾鄧村“三教一體”的特征也十分明顯,信奉佛教,也信奉道教,尤其是在宗教活動和廟宇建筑上,道教的特點更為突出。諾鄧村廟宇建筑在康乾時期甚為鼎盛,至今猶存玉皇閣廟宇建筑群及香山寺、古嶺寺、云崇寺、觀音寺、王母寺、龍王廟等,而村里舊時舉行的祭祀、迎神賽會、接祖、節(jié)慶典禮等諸多活動都帶有儒道兩門特色。

(諾鄧人對儒家文化幾近癡迷,圖為孔子文化節(jié),村民自發(fā)祭拜孔子  作者:佚名)

  宗教文化
  在諾鄧的傳統(tǒng)文化寶庫中,宗教文化是個重要的組成部份。它歷史久遠,內(nèi)容豐富,滲透于生產(chǎn)生活的各個領域,以致形成習俗。1、本主信仰。本主崇拜是諾鄧村民最早和固有的宗教信仰,它從遠古時期宗教的早期形式自然崇拜發(fā)展到崇信天鬼的原始宗教,進而達到人為宗教階段。諾鄧本主是“敕封五井土主護國安民圣帝”,總管本村生產(chǎn)生活、生死禍福,穿著帝王服飾和娘娘平排同座于三崇廟,兩側(cè)塑文武判官。2、尊儒祀孔。明初諾鄧有了孔子塑像,到清初修成了崇圣宮,古代每到農(nóng)歷八月二十七日,全村人都要在這里舉行隆重的祭孔活動,至于因上學趕考,入泮中試來祭拜的各地學子則你來我往,絡繹不絕。3、奉釋禮佛。佛教從唐宋以來直至清末曾在諾鄧盛行一時,村內(nèi)外曾修建過許多佛寺廟堂。在諾鄧,儒釋道三教合一的信仰一直是民間崇拜的主要內(nèi)容。4、崇道修齋。在諾鄧儒釋道三教合一信仰中,流傳最廣泛的是道教文化。禮斗會是道教每年六月和九月舉行的朝禮南北斗的重大活動。古代諾鄧道教除玉皇閣曾有頭陀羽士,云集其間外,還有很多的“火居道”。5、談演洞經(jīng)。諾鄧村談演洞經(jīng)是一種用音樂形式和禮儀程式進行的宗教活動,形式雖近乎儒家禮樂,但從經(jīng)文內(nèi)容貫穿的因果報應,積德安和等思想及所崇奉的神靈來看,基本上仍是三教合一的范疇。

白族相關(guān)風俗及禁忌
  白族服飾
  云龍白族婦女服飾的主要特點是突出線條美及適用性。婦女頭上帶有白色、蘭色或黑色的大包頭,一般長度2—3米,戴在頭上既可遮太陽又可避雨,必要時可解下來作背帶用。上身穿前短后長的大襟衫,布的色彩根據(jù)各人的喜好而定,下身穿大禪褲,腰系繡花圍腰,體現(xiàn)人體的線條美。而圍腰必須時將兩角編入腰部成了一個大包包,可用來裝物件。云龍白族男子上身穿有領對襟衣,下穿長管大統(tǒng)褲,布料色彩根據(jù)各人的喜好而制作,男服美觀大方,穿上顯得更瀟灑。但諾鄧村多數(shù)白族婦女的服飾一般都與漢族地區(qū)的差不多。
  白族相關(guān)禁忌
  1、賓客來家時,倒茶一般只倒半杯,倒酒則需滿杯,他們認為酒滿敬人,茶滿欺人。受到白族人熱情的款待,應說聲挪衛(wèi)你 (謝謝)來表示你的謝意和感激之情。
  2、起床后的第一杯早茶要先敬給老人。吃飯時要讓老人坐上席,由老人先動筷子。在老人面前不說臟話,不準蹺二郎腿。
  3、落座時,男性長輩坐左上方,女性長輩坐右上方,客人和晚輩坐下方和上方。不得亂坐。
  4、白族人家的火塘是個神圣的地方,忌諱向火塘內(nèi)吐口水,禁止從火塘上跨過。
  5、尊敬長輩是白族的傳統(tǒng)美德。見到老人要主動打招呼、問候、讓道、讓座、端茶、遞煙。
  6、白族人家的門檻不能坐。
  7、男人所用的工具,忌婦女從上面跨過。

遠方網(wǎng)提示:

  本村落已被列入住建部中國傳統(tǒng)村落發(fā)展保護中心保護名單。保護傳統(tǒng)村落,從你我做起,實現(xiàn)負責任的旅行。因此我們倡議游人游覽該村落時注意以下事項:
  1、尊重歷史,愛護文物,不破壞和褻瀆鄉(xiāng)村文化;
  2、遵守法律,不參與非法文物買賣;
  3、尊重當?shù)鼐用?,尊重當?shù)厣罘绞胶惋L俗習慣;
  4、尊重自己的選擇,尊重傳統(tǒng)村落與現(xiàn)代生活的區(qū)別;
  5、尊重旅行,敬惟慎獨。
  中國傳統(tǒng)村落,是我們所有中國人詩意的故鄉(xiāng),也請當?shù)匦姓块T和旅游開發(fā)部門遵守《中華人民共和國文物保護法》,適度開發(fā),合法經(jīng)營,莫讓后人遺憾,莫讓詩意成失意。點擊查看更多細節(jié) http://ctcl.likefar.com/ 


諾鄧古村當?shù)匾曨l


《舌尖上的中國》之《自然的饋贈》

千年白族村—諾鄧

諾鄧古村出游參考


(《遙遠的諾鄧》開機儀式設在諾鄧  作者:佚名)
  電影《遙遠的諾鄧》
  《遙遠的諾鄧》是一部以反應大理白族群眾保護傳統(tǒng)文化為主題的民族電影,顏丹晨在影片中飾演了一個學習美術(shù),并到了諾鄧深山支教的白族姑娘櫻子。后來櫻子漸漸被諾鄧吸引,并為這里的文化而折服,最終利用自己的特長保護了諾鄧古學堂。
  紀錄片《舌尖上的中國》
  在《舌尖上的中國》第一集《自然的饋贈》中,有一段6分鐘長的關(guān)于云南諾鄧火腿的影像,介紹了諾鄧火腿的制作、與諾鄧鹽之間的相互關(guān)系,除了新鮮的食材,有時成就美食的調(diào)味料也同樣來自于自然。正是這短短的6分鐘,讓諾鄧火腿瞬間名聲大噪。

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